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East Timor's road to independence - achieved on 20 May 2002 - was long and traumatic.
The people of the first new nation of the century suffered some of the worst atrocities of modern times.
An independent report has said at least 100,000 Timorese died as a result of Indonesia's 25-year occupation, which ended in 1999.
Overview
Indonesia invaded shortly after Portugal withdrew in 1975 and forcefully tried to subdue a resentful people and guerrillas fighting for independence.
 Independence followed years of oppressive rule |
World powers were accused of contributing to the subsequent calamity by turning a blind eye or by actively supporting the occupation by supplying weapons.
Indonesia finally agreed in 1999 to let the East Timorese choose between independence and local autonomy. Militia loyal to Indonesia, apparently assisted by the military, tried in vain to use terror to discourage a vote for independence.
When the referendum showed overwhelming support for independence, the loyalists went on the rampage, murdering hundreds and reducing towns to ruins. An international peacekeeping force halted the mayhem and paved the way for a United Nations mission which helped East Timor back onto its feet.
The rebuilding of East Timor has been one of the UN's biggest success stories. The UN Mission of Support in East Timor, Unmiset, wound up in May 2005.
But security has been precarious. An outbreak of gang violence in 2006 prompted the UN Security Council to set up a new peacekeeping force, Unmit. The UN said poverty and unemployment had exacerbated the unrest.
 Unrest in 2006 led to the deployment of peacekeepers |
As one of Asia's poorest nations, East Timor will rely on outside help for many years. The infrastructure is poor and the country is drought-prone.
However, vast offshore oil and gas fields in the Timor Sea hold much potential. East Timor and Australia have agreed to share revenues from the reserves. As a part of the deal, a decision on the disputed maritime border in the area was deferred.
East Timor is trying to foster national reconciliation. Indonesia and East Timor set up bodies to bring the perpetrators of the 1999 violence to justice. However a 2005 UN report concluded that the systems had failed to deliver. The Indonesian special court acquitted most of the 18 indicted suspects.
Facts
- Full name: Democratic Republic of East Timor
- Population: 1.2 Million (UN, 2008)
- Capital: Dili
- Area: 14,609 sq km (5,641 sq miles)
- Major languages: Tetum and Portuguese (official), Indonesian and English (working languages)
- Major religion: Christianity
- Life expectancy: 60 years (men), 62 years (women) (UN)
- Monetary unit: 1 US dollar = 100 cents
- Main exports: Coffee, marble, potential for oil exports
- GNI per capita: $1,510 (World Bank, 2007)
- Internet domain: .tl
- International dialling code: +670
Leaders
President: Jose Ramos-Horta
Jose Ramos-Horta, a Nobel Peace Prize winner and former prime minister, became president following elections in May 2007.
 Jose Ramos-Horta, seriously wounded in a 2008 shooting |
He gained nearly 70% of the vote. His rival, the speaker of parliament Francisco Guterres, conceded defeat.
Mr Ramos-Horta said five years of hard work lay ahead. He promised to work for the poor and to foster national unity.
Mr Ramos-Horta spent two decades in exile and was a key figure in East Timor's campaign for independence.
In early 2008 he was shot by rebel soldiers in what East Timor leaders described as an attempted coup. He was taken to hospital in Australia in a serious but stable condition, and returned to take up his duties in April.
He succeeded independence hero Xanana Gusmao, who was chosen by an overwhelming majority in polls in April 2002 to be the fledgling country's first head of state. The role is mainly ceremonial.
Prime minister: Xanana Gusmao
Independence hero Xanana Gusmao was named new prime minister in August 2007, sparking violent protests from supporters of the former ruling Fretelin party, which promised to challenge the decision in court.
 Xanana Gusmao |
President Ramos-Horta chose him as premier, breaking a political impasse following inconclusive parliamentary polls in June.
Fretilin won 21 seats in the 65-member Parliament, well short of a majority. Mr Gusmao's party won 18 but formed a coalition comprising 37 seats.
Mr Gusamao, who was the country's first president, is revered by many in East Timor for leading the armed resistance to Indonesian rule.
He set up the National Congress of East Timor's Reconstruction (CNRT) in 2007 to wrest power from Fretilin.
Media
East Timor's national public radio and TV services launched in May 2002, replacing the interim broadcasting services operated by the UN.
Public radio is said to reach some 90% of the population; public TV has a smaller coverage.
Community radio stations play a key role in the process of national reconstruction. Many of them receive funding, training and equipment from international agencies and organisations.
East Timor has two daily newspapers and a number of weekly titles. BBC World Service programmes in English and Portuguese are available in Dili via BBC 105.9 FM.
The press
- Suara Timor Lorosae - daily
- Timor Post - daily
- Jornal Nacional Semanario - weekly
Television
- Televisao de Timor Leste (TVTL) - public
Radio
- Radio Nacional de Timor Leste (RTL) - public
- Radio Falintil/Voz da Esperanca - community station which began life as a clandestine station operated by East Timor rebels
- Radio Timor Kmanek (RTK) - Catholic Church radio